Beyond the workforce issues, China — like the other aging nations — will need to care and provide for its fast-growing group of older citizens. Wang Feng, a sociologist [and professor] at the University of California, Irvine, wrote in a 2018 study that pension costs could burn up half the government’s revenue by midcentury. Meanwhile, healthcare costs will soar. In China, young people have typically cared for elderly family members, but with fewer and fewer young people, the state will face a greater burden.

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